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Bourne Again Shell Bash Session Command Line

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GNU replacement for the Bourne shell

Bash
Gnu-bash-logo.svg
Bash screenshot.png

Screenshot of a Bash session
Original author(south) Brian Fob
Developer(s) Chet Ramey[1] [2]
Initial release June 8, 1989; 32 years ago  (1989-06-08)
Stable release

5.1.16[3]Edit this on Wikidata / v January 2022
Preview release

5.2-alpha[4]Edit this on Wikidata / xx January 2022
Repository
  • git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/fustigate.git Edit this at Wikidata
Written in C
Operating system
  • Unix-like[5]
  • macOS (GPL-2.0-or-later; GPL-iii.0-or-later bachelor through third parties)
  • Windows (GPL-3.0-or-after)[6] [7]
Platform GNU
Available in Multilingual (gettext)
Type Unix crush, control linguistic communication
License Since iv.0: GPL-3.0-or-after[8]
1.xi? to iii.2: GPL-ii.0-or-after[ix]
0.99? to 1.05?: GPL-1.0-or-afterward[x] [eleven] [12]
Website www.gnu.org/software/bash/

Bash is a Unix shell and control language written by Brian Fox for the GNU Project as a free software replacement for the Bourne shell.[xiii] [14] Commencement released in 1989,[15] it has been used as the default login crush for most Linux distributions.[16] A version is also available for Windows 10 via the Windows Subsystem for Linux.[17] It is also the default user crush in Solaris 11.[18] Bash was likewise the default shell in all versions of Apple macOS prior to the 2019 release of macOS Catalina, which changed the default crush to zsh, although Bash remains available equally an alternative beat.[19]

Fustigate is a control processor that typically runs in a text window where the user types commands that cause actions. Bash can also read and execute commands from a file, called a vanquish script. Like most Unix shells, it supports filename globbing (wildcard matching), piping, here documents, command substitution, variables, and control structures for condition-testing and iteration. The keywords, syntax, dynamically scoped variables and other basic features of the language are all copied from sh. Other features, east.g., history, are copied from csh and ksh. Bash is a POSIX-compliant vanquish, only with a number of extensions.

The shell'south name is an acronym for Bourne Once again Shell, a pun on the proper name of the Bourne trounce that it replaces[twenty] and the notion of being "born again".[21] [22]

A security pigsty in Bash dating from version ane.03 (August 1989),[23] dubbed Shellshock, was discovered in early on September 2014 and quickly led to a range of attacks across the Internet.[24] [25] [26] Patches to fix the bugs were fabricated available soon after the bugs were identified.

History [edit]

Brian Play tricks began coding Fustigate on January ten, 1988,[27] after Richard Stallman became dissatisfied with the lack of progress existence made by a prior developer.[13] Stallman and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) considered a gratuitous shell that could run existing vanquish scripts so strategic to a completely free system built from BSD and GNU code that this was i of the few projects they funded themselves, with Pull a fast one on undertaking the piece of work equally an employee of FSF.[thirteen] [28] Play tricks released Bash equally a beta, version .99, on June 8, 1989,[xv] and remained the principal maintainer until sometime between mid-1992[29] and mid-1994,[30] when he was laid off from FSF[31] and his responsibleness was transitioned to another early correspondent, Chet Ramey.[32] [33] [34]

Since so, Fustigate has become by far the most popular crush among users of Linux, becoming the default interactive shell on that operating system'southward various distributions[35] [36] (although Almquist shell may be the default scripting vanquish) and on Apple'south macOS releases before Catalina in October 2019.[37] [38] [16] Bash has also been ported to Microsoft Windows and distributed with Cygwin and MinGW, to DOS by the DJGPP project, to Novell NetWare, to OpenVMS past the GNV project,[39] to ArcaOS,[twoscore] and to Android via diverse final emulation applications.

In September 2014, Stéphane Chazelas, a Unix/Linux specialist,[41] discovered a security bug in the program. The bug, first disclosed on September 24, was named Shellshock and assigned the numbers CVE-2014-6271, CVE-2014-6277 and CVE-2014-7169. The issues was regarded as astringent, since CGI scripts using Bash could be vulnerable, enabling arbitrary code execution. The bug was related to how Bash passes function definitions to subshells through environment variables.[42]

Features [edit]

The Bash control syntax is a superset of the Bourne shell command syntax. Bash supports brace expansion, control line completion (Programmable Completion),[43] basic debugging[44] and signal handling (using trap) since bash 2.05a[45] among other features. Fustigate can execute the vast majority of Bourne shell scripts without modification, with the exception of Bourne shell scripts stumbling into fringe syntax beliefs interpreted differently in Fustigate or attempting to run a system command matching a newer Fustigate builtin, etc. Bash control syntax includes ideas drawn from the KornShell (ksh) and the C beat (csh) such as command line editing, control history (history command),[46] the directory stack, the $RANDOM and $PPID variables, and POSIX command substitution syntax $(…).

When a user presses the tab cardinal within an interactive command-beat, Bash automatically uses command line completion, since beta version 2.04,[47] to match partly typed program names, filenames and variable names. The Fustigate command-line completion system is very flexible and customizable, and is often packaged with functions that complete arguments and filenames for specific programs and tasks.

Bash'south syntax has many extensions lacking in the Bourne shell. Bash can perform integer calculations ("arithmetics evaluation") without spawning external processes. Information technology uses the ((…)) command and the $((…)) variable syntax for this purpose. Its syntax simplifies I/O redirection. For example, it can redirect standard output (stdout) and standard error (stderr) at the same fourth dimension using the &> operator. This is simpler to type than the Bourne crush equivalent 'command > file two>&1'. Bash supports process substitution using the <(command) and >(command)syntax, which substitutes the output of (or input to) a command where a filename is normally used. (This is implemented through /proc/fd/ unnamed pipes on systems that support that, or via temporary named pipes where necessary).

When using the 'office' keyword, Bash part declarations are non uniform with Bourne/Korn/POSIX scripts (the KornShell has the same problem when using 'function'), but Bash accepts the aforementioned function declaration syntax as the Bourne and Korn shells, and is POSIX-conformant. Because of these and other differences, Bash vanquish scripts are rarely runnable under the Bourne or Korn shell interpreters unless deliberately written with that compatibility in mind, which is condign less mutual as Linux becomes more widespread. But in POSIX mode, Fustigate conforms with POSIX more than closely.[48]

Bash supports here documents. Since version 2.05b Bash can redirect standard input (stdin) from a "here string" using the <<< operator.

Bash 3.0 supports in-procedure regular expression matching using a syntax reminiscent of Perl.[49]

In Feb 2009,[50] Bash 4.0 introduced support for associative arrays.[11] Associative array indices are strings, in a way similar to AWK or Tcl.[51] They can exist used to emulate multidimensional arrays. Bash 4 also switches its license to GPL-3.0-or-subsequently; some users suspect this licensing change is why MacOS continues to use older versions.[52] Apple finally stopped using Bash in their operating systems with the release of MacOS Catalina in 2019.[19]

Brace expansion [edit]

Brace expansion, also chosen alternation, is a characteristic copied from the C trounce. Information technology generates a set of culling combinations. Generated results need not exist as files. The results of each expanded cord are not sorted and left to right order is preserved: 

                        $                        repeat            a{p,c,d,b}e            ape ace ade abe            $                        echo            {a,b,c}{d,eastward,f}            ad ae af bd be bf cd ce cf

Users should not employ caryatid expansions in portable shell scripts, because the Bourne vanquish does not produce the same output. 

                        $                        # A traditional shell does not produce the same output            $            /bin/sh -c            'echo a{p,c,d,b}east'            a{p,c,d,b}due east

When brace expansion is combined with wildcards, the braces are expanded first, and and so the resulting wildcards are substituted normally. Hence, a list of JPEG and PNG images in the current directory could be obtained using: 

            ls *.{jpg,jpeg,png}            # expands to *.jpg *.jpeg *.png - after which,            # the wildcards are processed            echo            *.{png,jp{eastward,}g}            # echo just show the expansions -            # and braces in braces are possible.

In addition to alternation, caryatid expansion tin exist used for sequential ranges between two integers or characters separated past double dots. Newer versions of Fustigate let a third integer to specify the increment. 

                        $                        echo            {            ane..x}            1 2 three 4 5 6 7 8 ix x            $                        repeat            file{            one..4}.txt            file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt file4.txt            $                        echo            {a..eastward}            a b c d e            $                        repeat            {            i..10..iii}            i 4 vii 10            $                        repeat            {a..j..3}            a d g j

When caryatid expansion is combined with variable expansion (A.K.A. parameter expansion and parameter substitution) the variable expansion is performed after the brace expansion, which in some cases may necessitate the utilize of the eval built-in, thus: 

                        $                        commencement            =            1            ;            end            =            10            $                        echo            {            $get-go..$end            }            # fails to expand due to the evaluation order            {1..x}            $                        eval            echo            {            $showtime..$end            }            # variable expansion occurs so resulting cord is evaluated            1 2 iii 4 5 6 7 8 ix 10

Startup scripts [edit]

When Bash starts, it executes the commands in a variety of dot files. Unlike Fustigate trounce scripts, dot files do not typically have execute permission enabled nor an interpreter directive like #!/bin/bash.

Legacy-uniform Bash startup example [edit]

The skeleton ~/.bash_profile below is compatible with the Bourne shell and gives semantics similar to csh for the ~/.bashrc and ~/.bash_login. The [ -r filename ] && cmd is a brusque-circuit evaluation that tests if filename exists and is readable, skipping the part afterwards the && if it is not. 

                        [            -r ~/.profile            ]            &&            . ~/.profile            # set upward environs, in one case, Bourne-sh syntax but            if            [            -n            "            $PS1            "            ]            ;            then            # are nosotros interactive?            [            -r ~/.bashrc            ]            &&            . ~/.bashrc            # tty/prompt/office setup for interactive shells            [            -r ~/.bash_login            ]            &&            . ~/.bash_login            # any at-login tasks for login shell only            fi            # End of "if" block

Operating system issues in Bash startup [edit]

Some versions of Unix and Linux incorporate Bash system startup scripts, generally under the /etc directories. Bash calls these every bit part of its standard initialization, but other startup files tin can read them in a different order than the documented Bash startup sequence. The default content of the root user's files may also accept issues, as well as the skeleton files the system provides to new user accounts upon setup. The startup scripts that launch the X window arrangement may also do surprising things with the user's Fustigate startup scripts in an attempt to set upwardly user-surround variables before launching the window manager. These issues can ofttimes be addressed using a ~/.xsession or ~/.xprofile file to read the ~/.profile — which provides the surroundings variables that Bash crush windows spawned from the window managing director need, such as xterm or Gnome Terminal.

Portability [edit]

Invoking Bash with the --posix choice or stating gear up -o posix in a script causes Bash to adapt very closely to the POSIX 1003.2 standard.[53] Fustigate beat out scripts intended for portability should take into account at to the lowest degree the POSIX shell standard. Some fustigate features not found in POSIX are:[53] [54]

  • Certain extended invocation options
  • Brace expansion
  • Arrays and associative arrays
  • The double subclass [[ ... ]] extended test construct and its regex matching
  • The double-parentheses arithmetic-evaluation construct (only (( ... )); $(( ... )) is POSIX)
  • Certain string-manipulation operations in parameter expansion
  • local for scoped variables
  • Process substitution
  • Bash-specific builtins
  • Coprocesses
  • $EPOCHSECONDS and $EPOCHREALTIME variables [55]

If a piece of code uses such a characteristic, information technology is called a "bashism" – a problem for portable employ. Debian'south checkbashisms and Vidar Holen's shellcheck can be used to make sure that a script does not contain these parts.[56] [57] The list varies depending on the actual target shell: Debian's policy allows some extensions in their scripts (equally they are in the dash crush),[54] while a script intending to support pre-POSIX Bourne shells, like autoconf's configure, are fifty-fifty more limited in the features they tin utilize.[58]

Keyboard shortcuts [edit]

Bash uses readline to provide keyboard shortcuts for command line editing using the default (Emacs) key bindings. Half-dozen-bindings can be enabled by running set -o half-dozen.[59]

Process management [edit]

The Bash shell has two modes of execution for commands: batch, and concurrent mode.

To execute commands in batch (i.due east., in sequence) they must be separated by the character ";", or on separate lines:

in this example, when command1 is finished, command2 is executed.

A groundwork execution of command1 can occur using (symbol &) at the end of an execution command, and procedure will exist executed in background returning immediately control to the shell and assuasive continued execution of commands.

Or to have a concurrent execution of ii command1 and command2, they must be executed in the Bash trounce in the following way:

In this case command1 is executed in the background & symbol, returning immediately control to the shell that executes command2 in the foreground.

A procedure can be stopped and control returned to fustigate past typing Ctrl+z while the process is running in the foreground.[sixty]

A list of all processes, both in the background and stopped, tin can exist achieved past running jobs: 

                        $                        jobs            [1]-  Running                  command1 &            [2]+  Stopped                  command2

In the output, the number in brackets refers to the chore id. The plus sign signifies the default procedure for bg and fg. The text "Running" and "Stopped" refer to the Process country. The last string is the command that started the process.

The state of a procedure can be changed using diverse commands. The fg command brings a process to the foreground, while bg sets a stopped procedure running in the groundwork. bg and fg can have a chore id as their outset argument, to specify the process to human activity on. Without one, they use the default process, identified past a plus sign in the output of jobs. The kill command tin be used to end a process prematurely, by sending information technology a signal. The task id must be specified later on a percentage sign:

Conditional execution [edit]

Bash supplies "conditional execution" control separators that make execution of a control contingent on the go out code set by a precedent command. For case: 

                        cd            "            $SOMEWHERE            "            &&            ./do_something            ||            echo            "An error occurred"            >&            two

Where ./do_something is only executed if the cd (modify directory) command was "successful" (returned an exit status of zero) and the repeat command would only be executed if either the cd or the ./do_something command return an "error" (non-goose egg exit status).

For all commands the leave status is stored in the special variable $?. Bash also supports if ...; so ...; else ...; fi and case $VARIABLE in $blueprint )...;; $other_pattern )...;; esac forms of conditional control evaluation.

Bug reporting [edit]

"bashbug" redirects hither. For the widely reported September 2014 bug establish in Bash, run into Shellshock (software bug).

An external command called bashbug reports Bash trounce bugs. When the command is invoked, it brings upwards the user'southward default editor with a form to make full in. The course is mailed to the Fustigate maintainers (or optionally to other email addresses).[61] [62]

Programmable completion [edit]

Fustigate supports programmable completion via built-in consummate, compopt, and compgen commands.[63] The feature has been bachelor since the beta version of 2.04 released in 2000.[64] [65] These commands enable complex and intelligent completion specification for commands (i.e. installed programs), functions, variables, and filenames.[66]

The complete and compopt two commands specify how arguments of some available commands or options are going to exist listed in the readline input. As of version 5.1 completion of the command or the choice is usually activated by the Tab ↹ keystroke after typing its proper name.[66]

Release history [edit]

Version Release engagement Release notes
bash-5.one 2020-12-07 github version history NEWS [eleven]
bash-5.0 2019-01-07 [67] [68] [69]
bash-five.0-rc1 2018-12-20
bash-v.0-beta2 2018-11-28
bash-five.0-beta 2018-09-17
bash-5.0-alpha 2018-05-22
bash-iv.four 2016-09-15 github version history NEWS v4.4
bash-4.four-rc2 2016-08-22
bash-4.4-rc1 2016-02-24
bash-4.4-beta2 2016-07-11
bash-iv.four-beta 2015-x-12
fustigate-4.3 2014-02-26
bash-4.2 2011-02-13
fustigate-4.i 2009-12-31
bash-iv.0 2009-02-20
bash-4.0-rc1 2009-01-12
fustigate-3.2 2006-10-eleven
bash-3.1 2005-12-08
fustigate-3.0 2004-08-03
fustigate-2.05b 2002-07-17
bash-ii.05a 2001-xi-xvi
fustigate-two.05 2001-04-09
fustigate-2.04 2000-03-21
bash-2.03 1999-02-nineteen
bash-two.02 1998-04-18
bash-2.01 1997-06-05
bash-ii.0 1996-12-31

See likewise [edit]

  • Comparison of command shells

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External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • Hamilton, Naomi (May 30, 2008). "The A-Z of Programming Languages: BASH/Bourne-Over again Crush". Computerworld. Archived from the original on November eight, 2016. (interview with GNU Bash's maintainer, Chet Ramey)

hallbergdriale.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)

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